After a century-long period of civil war, the country was reunified in 1603 under the Tokugawa shogunate, which enacted an isolationist foreign policy.
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Beginning in the 12th century, political power was held by a series of military dictators ( shōgun) and feudal lords ( daimyō) and enforced by a class of warrior nobility ( samurai).
Between the 4th and 9th centuries, the kingdoms of Japan became unified under an emperor and the imperial court based in Heian-kyō. Japan has been inhabited since the Upper Paleolithic period (30,000 BC). Japan has the world's highest life expectancy, though it is experiencing a population decline. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world. Japan is divided into 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions. About three-fourths of the country's terrain is mountainous, concentrating its highly urbanized population on narrow coastal plains. Japan is the eleventh most populous country in the world, as well as one of the most densely populated. Tokyo is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.
Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans an archipelago of 14,125 islands, with the five main islands being Hokkaido, Honshu (the "mainland"), Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan ( Japanese: 日本, Nippon or Nihon, and formally 日本国, Nihonkoku) is an island country in East Asia.
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